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| Title: | Analysis of Test Criteria for Specifying Foam Firefighting Agents for Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting | ||||
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| Author: | Joseph L. Scheffey, Joseph A. Wright | ||||
| Abstract: | Foam agent quantities and application rates for FAA certified airports are based on large-scale fire test data of Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) and " protein-based foams. The philosophy is to control aircraft fuel fires in sixty seconds. Foam agents which are used for aviation applications should demonstrate this level of performance, including a safety factor which assures adequate performance under less than optimum conditions. A review of standard test methods and performance criteria indicates a wide range of requirements. The U. S. Military Specification (MIL SPEC) for AFFF, on which the original agent criteria was developed, is the most stringent in terms of extinguishment application density. However, no direct correlation has been demonstrated between many of the required physical/chemical properties tests and fire extinguishment/burnback performance. It was demonstrated, using comparative data from numerous small- and large-scale fire tests, that the small-scale MIL SPEC fire tests correlate with large-scale test results. MIL SPEC agents, which provide a safety factor over minimum FAA requirements, also are formulated to have proportioning, storage, stability, and shelf-life attributes appropriate for crash rescue firefighting applications. Adoption of the MIL SPEC for AFFF agents is recommended. Future work related to foam testing should focus on the use of first principles to establish fundamental foam extinguishment mechanisms. |
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| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-94/04 | Pages: | 89 | Size: | 18.2 MB |
| Title: | Gas Turbine Prediffuser-Combustor Peformance During Operation with Air-Water Mixture | ||||
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| Author: | P. Laing, S.N.B. Murthy | ||||
| Abstract: | In a continuing effort to establish perfonnance changes due to water ingestion into an aircraft gas turbine engine and possible design improvements, an experimental investigation was perfonned with a model gas turbine prediffuser-combustor sector utilizing a number of mixture and flow conditions in a tunnel operating with a two-phase, air-liquid film-droplet mixture. For given entry conditions into the prediffuser (which can be related to the exit conditions of the core compressor in a bypass engine, and, therefore, also to ingestion conditions at the engine face) the two main issues are (1) the amount of water entering the primary zone of the combustOr, and (2) the local reduction in temperature, flame-water interactions, and the vitiation caused by the vaporizing of water. Flow,visualization and estimates of water flow and droplet size in the primary zone have been undertaken under cold flow conditions. The amount of water entering the primary zone has been found to be a complex function of (1) the air-water mixture conditions at entry to the prediffuser, and (2) the effects of gravity on the flowfield for given geometry of the prediffuser-combustor, and the flow split between the primary and the coolant streams in the combustor. Combustion tests have been carried out to establish the effects on perfonnance. occurrence of flameout, and recoverability of combustor exit temperature by enhancement of one or both of the fuel equivalence ratio and the oxygen content of air. It was tentatively concluded that the observed effects of the presence of water are a result of the interactive effe.cts of heat transfer to water, vitiation by water vapor on combustion, and the total heat release in the primary zone. The latter being the dominant factor in stabilizing the flame with a large increase in combustor exit temperature, as found in the tests with the addition of both fuel and oxygen to a given burning mixture. | ||||
| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-93/52 | Pages: | 122 | Size: | 26.5 MB |
| Title: | Burnthrough Resistance of Fuselages: Initial Findings | ||||
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| Author: | D.C. Dodd | ||||
| Abstract: | An investigation into the burnthrough resistance of fuselages and the effects of soot deposition in the early stages of a pool fire on burnthrough time. | ||||
| Report: | FSR-0233 | Pages: | 50 | Size: | 1.87 MB |
| Title: | Fuselage Burnthrough from Large Exterior Fuel Fires | ||||
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| Author: | Harry Webster | ||||
| Abstract: | The burnthrough resistance of aircraft fuselages to external fuel fires was investigated in this test series. Threee tests were conducted in a wheels-up mode and three in the wheels-down configuration. A comprehensive data base was developed documenting fire entry paths, burnthrough time, and cabin environmental conditions. The overall entry paths, burnthrough time, and cabin environmental conditions. The overall resistance of the two test intact aircraft fuselages to fire penetration was documents. | ||||
| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-90/10 | Pages: | 114 | Size: | 21.5 MB |
| Title: | The Potential for Pulmonary Heat Injury Resulting from the Activation of A Cabin Water Spray System to Fight Aircraft Cabin Fires | ||||
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| Author: | Robert P. Garner, Ph.D | ||||
| Abstract: | A cabin water spray system (CWSS) has been suggested as a means of attenuating the severity of smoke and fire commonly associated with aircraft accidents. All aspects of passenger and cabin safety must be considered when evaluating a new safety system or conecpt. The purposes of this report are to briefly review the pathophysiological changes occurring in the respiratory system as a result of thermal injury and to quantitatively estimate the risk of creating a more hazardous cabin environment by activation of a CWSS. Changes in the heat content of the cabin atmosphere resulting from CWSS activation were calculated using parameters consistent with current aircraft and proposals for CWSS design. The results suggest that only a very small volume of the aircraft cabin would have an increase in heat content that could result in thermal injury. | ||||
| Report: | DOT/FAA/AM-94/X | Pages: | 19 | Size: | 782 KB |
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