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| Title: | User's Manual for AC-20-53A Protection of Airplane Fuel Systems Against Fuel Vapor Ignition Due to Lightning | ||||
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| Author: | N. Rasch | ||||
| Abstract: | This manual provides users of AC 20-53A, "Protection of Aircraft Fuel Systems Against Fuel Vapor Ignition Due to Lightning," with information on the subj.ect of fuel system lightning protection and methods of compliance of aircraft design with the Federal Aviation Regulations 23.954 and 25.954. The manual is the result of a 3-year effort requested by the FAA Technical Center of the SAE-AE4L committee which is comprised of experts in the field of lightning research and protection of aircraft and systems from the adverse effects associated with atmospheric electricity. The committee is comprised of experts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Defense, Federal. Aviation Administration, industry, and independent testing laboratories. |
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| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-83/3 | Pages: | 70 | Size: | 14.8 MB |
| Title: | A Research Study of the Assessment of Escape Impairment by Irritant Combustion Gases in Postcrash Aircraft Fires | ||||
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| Author: | Harold L. Kaplan, Arthur F. Grand, Walter R. Rogers, Walter G. Switzer, Gordon E. Hartzell | ||||
| Abstract: | The primary objective of this research program was to assess he potential of representative combustion gases to impair human escape from a postcrash aircraft fire environment. A non-human primate model (juvenile savannah baboon) and an operant behavioral task were used to measure the individual effects of hydrogenchloride (HCL), carbonmonoxide (CO) and acrolein. A secondary objective was to evaluate the validity of laboratory tests with rodents to predict human escape impairment by combustion gases. For HCl, despite severe irritant effects, all baboons were able to perform the escape task over the range of concentrations studied (190 to 17,290 ppm). Significant post exposure effects were not observed at concentrations from 190 to 11,400 ppm; however, at the two highest concentrations, 16570 and 17,290 ppm, the animals died 18 and 76 days past exposure, respectively. For CO, it was determined that a concentration of 6850 ppm caused escape impairment of the baboon for a five-minute exposure. The results of CO exposure with the rat and the baboon were remarkably similar. The less definitive, the data suggest that laboratory tests with rodents may have usefulness in predicting the effects of HCL atmospheres on human escape impairment. |
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| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-84/16 | Pages: | 77 | Size: | 3.96 MB |
| Title: | Airlfow Visualization Studies of F-111 Engine Bay | ||||
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| Author: | Paul N. Boris, Anthony M. Spezio | ||||
| Abstract: | A series of test, using a F-Ill aircraft fuselage, was conducted to determine local and overall airflow patterns within its engine bay by visual means. Portions of the interior of the right-hand engine bay were made directly observable by the use of transparent Lexan windows which were installed in the nacelle doors. Yarn tufts were secured to the engine case, accessories and inner nacelle wall in areas where they could be viewed and photographed through the Lexan windows. The airflow rate through the engine bay was varied to simulate different flight speeds. The data revealed airflow patterns ranging from simple fore-to-aft flow to complex flow patterns characterized by different flow directions between the engine case and nacelle wall at the same fuselage station; flow reversals; and abrupt changes in direction. | ||||
| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT/TN84/25 | Pages: | 70 | Size: | 70.2 MB |
| Title: | A Research Of The Assessment Of Escape Impairment By Irritant Combustion Gases In Postcrash Aircraft Fires | ||||
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| Author: | Harold L. Kaplan, Jesse J. Beitel, III, Arthur F. Grand, Gordon E. Hartzell, Daniel S. Mitchell, Gary T. Moore, alter R. Rogers, Walter G. Switzer, Curtis D. White | ||||
| Abstract: | For passengers to survive a postcrash aircraft fire, their escape capability must not be severely impaired by toxic combustion gases during the few minutes available for egress. Little information exists regarding the concentrations ay which human escape capability is impaired by these combustion gases, particularly the irritants. Most laboratory test methods have used loss of locomotor function or incapacitations of rodents as endpoints to measure the sublethal effects of the narcotic gases. In addition, respiratory rate depression of mice has been used as an index of incapacitation in studies of the irritant gases. However, the correlation between any of these effects in rodents ans escape impairment has not been established. The primary objective of this research program was to assess the potential of representative combustion atmosphere irritant gases to impair human escape from a postcrash aircraft fire environment. For this assessment, a nonhuman primate model (the juvenile African savannah baboon) and an operant behaviorial task were used to measure the effects of acrolein and ydrogen chloride (HC1) on escape performance. Carbon monoxide (CO) was also included as a test gas in order to enable comparison of the sensitivities of the baboon and the rat to a narcotic combustion gas. The behaviorial task was designed to simulate human escape performance by requiring both mental functions (sensory recognition, memory, discrimination) and motor functions (locomotion, coordination) for successful escape of the animal. The animal was required, upon presentation of audio and visual cues, to select and operate an appropriate lever in order to open an escape door and then to exit through the door within a prescribed time. The escape perfomrance task was presented to the animal after 5-minute exposure to a steady concentration of the test gas as provided by a large recirculatin mixing chamber. A computer system was used to tain the animals to perform the task, to present the task for the exposure test and to record pertinent performance data, e.g., escape or failue, lever response time, escape time, number of correct and incorrect responses. A sceondary objective of this program was to evaluate the relevance and validity of presently used laboratory tests with rodents to predict human escape impairment by narcotic and irritant combustion gases. For this assessment, the effects of CO and HC1 on the escape performance of the rat were determiined using a shuttlebox and behaviorial task similar in complexity to that used in the nonhuman primate studies. The results of these studies were compared with the primate escape performance data and human data (when available) to evulate the rat as a model for the baboon and man. These resulst were also compared with avialable data obtained with other laboratory methods for for methods with rodents to assess the predictive capability of these methods for human escape impairment. |
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| Report: | DTFA03-81-00065 | Pages: | 65 | Size: | 15.6 MB |
| Title: | Quasi-Steady Analysis Of Aircraft Panel Flammability | ||||
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| Author: | Thor I. Eklund | ||||
| Abstract: | The purpose of this analysis is the development of a model that relates polymeric material properties to ignitability. The model is developed for an idealized fire test for ignitability of large-scale aircraft honeycomb panels in a vertical orientation. Transport relations for radioactive heat transmission and turbulent mass and energy transfer are applied to an idealized piloted ignition of a vertical aircraft panel. The incident radioactive energy required for panel ignition is related to thermal decomposition temperature from thermo gravimetric analysis. Effects of pyrolysis energy requirements and temperature dependence of flammability lean limits are incorporated in the analysis. The analysis is quasi-steady, in that transient effects are ignored and a slow ramp heating of the panel is assumed. State-of-the-art panel materials are dominated by radiative effects at the point of ignition. The analysis demonstrates that higher polymer degradation temperatures result in improved fire-worthiness, that surface emissivities and reflectivenss are the dominant factors controlling the incident radiation needed for ignition, and that the heat of pyrolysis becomes less significant in the energy balance as the polymer degradation temperature is raised. |
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| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-84-14 | Pages: | 31 | Size: | 1.11 MB |
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