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| Title: | Fire Calorimetry | ||||
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| Author: | Richard E. Lyon | ||||
| Abstract: | This report is a compilation of papers presented at a special symposium on Fire Calorimetry held at NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, on July 27-28, 1995. It includes papers on the theory, instrumentation, and use of fire (or heat release) calorimetry in assessing the fire hazard of materials. | ||||
| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-95/46 | Pages: | 200 | Size: | 163.0 MB |
| Title: | Toxicity Assessment of Combustion Gases and Development of a Survival Model | ||||
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| Author: | Louise C. Speitel | ||||
| Abstract: | This report presents an extensive review of the literature on the toxic and thermal hazards relating to human survival in aircraft cabin fires. Studies by various authors of exposures to single and mixed gases on humans, primates, rats and mice are presented for different activity levels and a wide range of concentrations and temperatures. Regression equations giving the best fit were derived from these studies. The regression equation which was judged to best model the human escaping from an aircraft cabin fire was selected for each gas and utilized in the survival model. The effect of carbon dioxide increasing the uptake of other gases was included in the model. This survival model uses incapacitation data to obtain a fractional effective dose for incapacitation (FEDI) and lethality data to obtain a fractional effective dose for lethality (FEDL). The time when either FED reaches 1 determines the exposure time available to escape from an aircraft cabin fire and to survive postexposure. |
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| Report: | DOT/FAA/AR-95/5 | Pages: | 140 | Size: | 4.6 MB |
| Title: | Application Of Full-Scale Fire Tests To Characterize And Improve The Aircraft Postcrash Fire Environment | ||||
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| Author: | Constantine P. Sarkos | ||||
| Abstract: | The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has conducted numerous full-scale fire tests for the purpose of characterizing the postcrash cabin fire environment and developing improved fire test criteria for cabin materials. The tests consistently demonstrated the importance of cabin flashover on occupant survivability. Flashover is basically a sudden, very rapid spread of fire, generating large quantities of heat, smoke and toxic gases that quickly fill the cabin. Before flashover the cabin environment is largely survivable; after flashover, occupant survival becomes highly unlikely. Thermal incapacitation is more important near the fire origin and at higher elevations; whereas, toxic gas incapacitation is predominant away from the fire origin and at lower elevations. The FAA has developed and adopted improved fire test methods for seat cushions (fire blocking layers0 and interior panels (low heat release). In both cases the fire test methods are consistent with full-scale test results and serve to improve occupant survivability by delaying the onset of flashover, which produces large quantities of toxic gases, providing substantially greater available time for occupant evacuation. | ||||
| Report: | FSR-0196 | Pages: | 27 | Size: | 1.09 MB |
| Title: | The Effect of Cabin Behavior Upon The Competitive Evacuation Of Passengers From A Narrow-Bodied Aircraft | ||||
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| Author: | A.M. Cobbett | ||||
| Abstract: | Evidence from aircraft accidents indicates that cabin crew can have a positive impact on passengers� ability to effectively evacuate an aircraft. A program of 24 competitive evacuations were performed in an attempt to determine the effect of cabin crew behavior upon rate of egress from a stationary aircraft simulator. Three cabin crew behaviors were assessed, two assertive cabin crew, two non-assertive cabin crew and no cabin crew. The evacuations were conducted on board a Boeing 737 cabin simulator. A totals of 651 volunteers (64.4% male) with a mean age of thirty years participated. All volunteers received a f10 attendance payment. The first 75% off the aircraft received a f5 bonus payment in an attempt to simulate a rush for the exits and to motivate participants to try to egress as quick as possible. Cabin crew behavior was found to have a significant effect upon passenger�s evacuation times. Two Assertive cabin crew produced the fastest mean evacuation times. The results indicated that assertive cabin behavior is of most importance in the initial stages of an evacuation as it sets the speed for the later stages. When passengers received no help from cabin members their evacuation times were significantly slower than those passengers who had received help from assertive and non-assertive cabin crew. Passengers evacuated faster when two doors rather than a single exit were available however in the latter stages of the emergency evacuations individuals� egress time was no longer affected by the number of exits available. At this stage fewer blockages and queues at exits occurred subsequently the number of exits available had no effect on passengers� evacuation times. There was however, no significant difference between the two types of exits utilized in this study. The number of bonuses a passenger received was found to be significantly affected by gender and age, males received more bonuses as did younger passengers. Passenger�s questionnaire responses also indicated that they perceived assertive cabin crew members to have greatly aided their escape. |
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| Report: | FSR-0089 | Pages: | 54 | Size: | 1.98 MB |
| Title: | The Effect of Wear on Fire Blocking Layer Material Effectiveness | ||||
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| Author: | J. Michael Barrientos | ||||
| Abstract: | On April 6, 1993, China Airline�s MD-11 Flight 583 underwent severe turbulence caused by the inadvertent deployment of the wing leading edge slats. The aircraft experienced three violent pitch oscillations and a loss of altitude of about 5000 feet which significantly damaged the interior of the cabin. Upon examination of the passenger seats in the cabin interior, excessive wear was noticed with the fire-blocking layer (FBL) material which encapsulates the foam cushions that protect them in the even of a fire. Concerns arose with this FBL material manufactured by Testori of Italy, as well as other FBL material in service, with regard to their effectiveness in protecting the foam cushions from fire. Samples of this type of material underwent several flammability tests at the FAA Technical Center International Airport, NJ, and chemical analysis and microscopic examination at Du Pont Fibers Laboratory in Wilmington, Delaware. | ||||
| Report: | DOT/FAA/CT-TN94/16 | Pages: | 17 | Size: | 2.26 MB |
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